An Ethernet switch in a switched network contains a CAM table that holds all of the MAC addresses of devices in the network. MAC aging time can be configured in either interface configuration mode or in VLAN configuration mode. . CAM stands for Content Addressable Memory. This is to be able to do forwarding at L2. Secure MAC addresses, either dynamic, static or sticky, are placed into the MAC address table. Rationally, it makes sense that the switch would have learned PC2's MAC during PC1's ARP resolution. The switch sends out a frame to all forwarding ports within the respective VLAN when the destination MAC address is aged out from the CAM table. Ran show mac address-table on different switches and core itself (on the core, for example, plugged by desktop directly, my desktop ), and we can see the several different MAC hardware address being registered to the interface, even. Switches dynamically learn MAC addresses of each connecting CAM table. 1. An Ethernet switch in a switched network contains a CAM table that holds all of the MAC addresses of devices in the network. 1. The MAC address table supports partial matches. The CAM table is also known as MAC forward table, MAC filter table, MAC address table, switching table, or bridging table. But it's added as a static entry in the CAM. 5 - A receives the ARP response and now knows all the. CAM table records the incoming packet's MAC address, Port & VLAN. A CAM overflow attack occurs when an attacker connects to a single or multiple switch ports and then runs a tool that mimics the existence of thousands of random MAC addresses on those switch ports. The MAC Address Table allows the. It involves overwhelming a switch’s MAC address table by flooding it with a massive amount of spoofed Ethernet frames, each containing a unique source MAC address. When queried, it will always return a binary answer; 0 for true or 1 for false. you are asking about ARP tables, and you're using OID . 5 min read. به زبان خیلی ساده. In this case, new addresses cannot be learned and packets destined to such addresses are flooded until some space becomes available in the forwarding table. If it has an entry it will forward (switch. The CAM uses high-speed memory that is faster than typical computer RAM due its search techniques. C. A MAC address table, sometimes called a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table, is used on Ethernet switches to determine where to forward traffic on a LAN. And then you have to look at the refresh and timeout for each table but generally dynamic ARP entries expire earlier to prevent them from becoming stale, causing conflicts when a device moves and/or wasting space. MAC table holds the information of where a device is connected in a switch of a LAN , It answers the question : In what port of a switch is connected device with MAC address ? Cheers ! Ismael Mariano. In the dynamic option, the switch automatically learns and adds MAC addresses to the CAM table. The CAM table binds and stores MAC addresses and associated VLAN parameters that are connected to the physical switch ports. The memory operation is performed with a single operation instead of per entry. Reply. I was having a discussion with someone about the. The MAC address table is where the switch stores information about the other Ethernet interfaces to which it is connected on a network. The CAM table. If an entry does exist, it will then examine the destination MAC address to see if it has an entry for it. 255. MAC addresses (layer 2) and routing tables (layer 3) are not related at all. As mentioned earlier, MAC addresses are Layer 2 addresses that operate at the Data Link -Layer 2 of the OSI model. 3. CAM is a special type of memory used in high-speed searching applications. The CAM table is empty until ingress traffic arrives at each port B. if you just start with what is already there I bet you will get most, if not all, of your devices. LAN‘s switches maintain a . If you're a little confused on what CAM, TCAM, and FIB tables are I'll give you a short rundown. 1D will set the MAC aging timer to the FWD_DELAY timer and 802. Something most people don’t realize is that there is a limited amount of MAC addresses that a network switch can store in its MAC address table, and this can be exploited. a IP Address 1. z router. تفاوت Cam Table و Mac Table. I checked by logging into the Router. 02-17-2014 02:38 AM. Which of the following best describes what the switch does with the message? and more. bbbb. The page contains the following items for each ARP table entry: Interface. Pc1 do ping to pc2 ,pc1 create arp message because his arp table his clean,the arp get in the switch ,the switch do flooding or just pass the arp message to the port that connect the pc2 because he know in his cam table who is pc2 and what his mac addres ?MAC flooding involves flooding of CAM table with fake MAC address and IP pairs until it is full. Hi, ARP gets the MAC address of a host or node and creates a local db that maps the MAC address to the hosts IP address. This causes the switch to act like a hub, flooding the network with traffic out all ports. MAC address so it appears to outdoor the MAC address that was registered by the ISP. All CAM tables have a fixed size. In this video, our expert instructor has explained concisely that: 1. In your local network, you use the forwarding table to get the other hosts mac addresses and send them the packets. The CAM table is divided into "instances" that store the MAC addresses of the different VLANs. This guide will use the term CAM table moving forward. The CAM table shows which port the frame must be sent out in order for that frame to reach the specified destination MAC address. This is called MAC flooding. 1(11)EA1. The switch sends a copy of the frame to all connected. The switch takes care of the incoming frame source MAC address and enters it into the CAM table and stays there at 300 seconds before aging out. ARP table = layer 3. Even when I ping the cam table didnt update. The source address of every frame passing through the switch is updated in the CAM table. The maximum default time an entry will be kept on the table is 300. e. How can I show the MAC table for ports on the secondary VC member?The ARP cache contains entries that map IP addresses to MAC addresses. The CAM table is one of the fundamental operations of a switch. 9abc. Cuidado: o comando mac-address-table synchronize apaga as entradas MAC roteadas. When there is no matching entry in the MAC table, switches flood the frame out all interface/ports except the incoming interface or the one on which the frame was received. I think the association is between the multicast MAC address and the ports, rather than specific host MAC with the group. ) to relate a layer-3 (IPv4) address to a layer-2 (MAC) address. When a frame is received for a destination MAC address, the time limit of 300 seconds gets reset. MAC table overflow. In this way, the switch learns the MAC address and physical connection port of every transmitting device. The ports are restricted and learn up to a maximum of 10 dynamically-learned addresses D. The router has a single table (CAM - content addressable memory) where it stores things like MAC address associations. g. NB: Switches populate the cam table by looking at the source mac-address only. Cisco uses the terms MAC address table and CAM table interchangeably. The CAM table's limited size renders it susceptible to attacks from MAC flooding. 1 Answer. The CAM table stores a MAC entry by default is 300 seconds. In the case of Layer 2 switching tables, the switch must find an exact match to a destination MAC address or the switch floods the packet out all ports in the VLAN. You also can configure static CAM table entries that contain MAC addresses that might not be learned otherwise. If you use this command just after turning on the switch, it displays a blank CAM table. Do switches use the cam table or tcam table for Mac learning ?. Will enable port-security on. A switch can learn MAC address in two ways; statically or dynamically. In switches CAM – Content Addressable Memory is used for building and lookup of mac address table that enables L2 forwarding decisions. The information returned from a binary search includes the VLAN and/or physical port, which allows the switch to forward the traffic to the correct egress port. This type of attack lets an attacker exploit the hardware and memory limitations of a switch. 1(11)EA1, the syntax for CAM table commands used the keywords mac-address-table. When the router receives a packet, then the router would have to lookup its ARP table to find the appropriate MAC that corresponds to the IP address to create the frame to send off to the switch. 4 - The switch adds B's MAC to the CAM table and forwards out of A's port that was previously registered an it lasts 300 seconds. New addresses will then be learned. . The table enables the switch to send outgoing data (Ethernet frames) on the specific port required to reach its destination, instead of broadcasting the data on all ports (flooding). You can start a new thread to share your ideas or ask questions. Looking at the output of "sh cam dynamic x/x" the listed 'destination port' for the addresses is the switch access port the devices are connected to, thats a given. The data frames are sent over the network. If there are enough entries stored in a CAM table before the expiration of other entries, no new entries can be accepted into the CAM. Static Entries: Static entries have high priority than dynamic entries and remain active they can be changed or removed by the switch administrator as they are manually added by the switch. Attackers exploit the MAC flooding technique to make a switch and act as a hub, allowing them to easily sniff traffic. It will configure the Cisco Fast and Easy Security feature. Look at the switch port shown in the entry and move to the neighboring switch connected to that port. CAM Table Overflow/Media Access Control (MAC) Attack. Also to change a MAC manually the full commands are . What is a CAM Table Overflow Attack? Quick Definition: A CAM table overflow attack is a hostile act performed against a network switch in which a flood of bogus MAC addresses is sent to the switch. A MAC table is probably a CAM table; not all CAM tables are MAC tables. Routing Table D. mac-address-table was used until Catalyst IOS ver 12. Sorted by: 2. You can use network monitoring tools to scan for MAC flooding indicators, among other threats. MAC table = layer 2. This could lead to a man-in-the-middle-attack. The FIB in a router perform the Data Plane, contrary to the RIB which perform Control Plane. To do this, use the following configuration command: Switch (config)# mac address-table static mac-address vlan vlan-id interface type mod/num. Jul 21st, 2022 at 7:10 AM. All Catalyst switch models use a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table for Layer 2 switching. 3. When downstream switches from the Root start receiving the BPDUs with the Topology Change (TC) bit set to 1, it will reduce the CAM tables aging timer from the default 300s to the current FWD_DELAY time (15s default). Link. On a Cisco switch you can view the CAM table (MAC address table) by issuing the "show mac address-table" command. The CAM table is the primary table used to make Layer 2 forwarding decisions. Aging Timer: To switch packets between two nodes, switches maintain a MAC address table for a set amount of time, which is known as an aging timer. I shut down the secondary link and then CAM table of the primary started filling up and packet loss. 1. Copy. It is a specialized version of CAM depicted for quick table lookups. 361. Add a comment. Whenever a frame hits the interface of the switch it first checks the source MAC address and tries to find an entry for it in its CAM table if the entry doesn’t exist an entry is created, if it already exists then the aging timer for. Eavesdropping. The CAM table is the primary table used to make Layer 2 forwarding decisions. Since these attacks target switched LAN networks, let’s quickly examine how such a network generally works. When looking up a prefix in a routing table, you don’t need an exact match, as long as the destination is contained within the prefix in the routing table, and that is where TCAM is used. The MAC address table is stored in fast volatile memory, allowing lookups to be performed very quickly. Op · 7 yr. That is normal behavior for the CAM table. A MAC address table is used by a layer-2 switch to relate the layer-2 address to the switch interface. CAM Table Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table is a system memory construct used by Ethernet switch logic which stores information such as MAC addresses available on. ARP Table (Layer 3) The ARP table is used to map MAC Addresses. What is a CAM Table Overflow Attack? A CAM table overflow attack is a hostile act performed against a network switch in which a flood of bogus MAC addresses is sent to the switch. As a workaround, you can issue one of these commands in order to increase the CAM aging timer for the VLAN you are having trouble with to match the ARP aging time: For CatOS, issue the set cam agingtime command. For any matching results, CAM will return the destination port (the associated content). An Ethernet switch in a switched network contains a CAM table that holds all of the MAC addresses of devices in the network. 01c then it looks that MAC address up in the CAM table. Fast-switching #2 is somewhat obsolete. 5 min read. show (mac-address-table) Displays addresses in the MAC address table for a switched port or module. Cisco switches perform MAC address table lookups with CAM memory exact match. It is built by the switch as the switch processes. 123. To build the CAM table or make entries in the CAM table, the switch uses the source MAC address field of the incoming frames. Hence it would be wrong to think that if Switches flush out the cam entry even routers do. MAC address tables relate a MAC address to a switch interface, and that is completely different than what ARP does, which is to relate a layer-3 address to a layer-2 address. The CAM and mac address-table semantics are often used interchangeably. X. Cuando se utiliza TCAM - Ternary Content Addressable Memory dentro de los routers L3, se utiliza para realizar una búsqueda de direcciones más rápida que permita un enrutamiento rápido. The main practical difference between a legacy hub and a switch is that the switch will do its best to forward ethernet frames only on the port allowing to reach the recipient, it won’t blindly forward everything everywhere as as a dumb hub would do. 12. Mac Address TableLet us look at the simple topology below where a R1 generates some traffic towards the switch SW1. MAC table holds the information of where a device is connected in a switch of a LAN , It answers the question : In what port of a switch is connected device with MAC address ? Cheers ! Ismael Mariano. The best example of this is when a switch needs to find a destination MAC address in a table in order to find the switch interface where the MAC address was last seen. The CAM table is used to store layer two information like: The source MAC address. Each CAM table lookup is based on a hash key associated with a destination MAC address and VLAN ID. 2. A sends packet to X with correct IP source address but incorrect source MAC address. 7. All Catalyst switch models use a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table for Layer 2 switching. Memory Table Explanation: A router maintains and references a routing table for packet forwarding decisions. In a large network, discerning at which switch and switch port a MAC address can be found might be difficult. When a packet come to the router, it use the FIB to select the route and it use the next-hop. The FTD 1010 connects to a switch which runs back to our core to our FMC management system. MAC tables map MAC addresses to physical interfaces. The mac-address-table is used by the switch for layer 2 forwarding. Using this logic, If switch 2 is connected to switch 1 using interface f0/3 on switch 1, then all the MAC addresses of devices connected to switch 2 will show up in switch 1’s CAM table as being mapped to f0/3. These are all different software techniques, with different performance in terms of the maximum number of packets that can be routed per second. 0a9. The ARP table on the other hand resides in main memory and requires more time to access. + = Permanent Entry. When a frame is received, the switch compares the SOURCE MAC address to the MAC address table. چند روز پیش یه چیز جالبی توی یکی از ویدیو ها به چشمم خورد، اونم این بود که مدرس ویدیو اومد گفت cam table و mac address به لحاظ فنی با هم تفاوت دارند ولی خب خیلی خیلی مشابه هم دیگه هستند پس اگر کسی هم بگه این دوتا. MAC address filtering involves configuring a MAC address switch to only accept packets from known MAC addresses. So, yes, there are multiple IP entries for the one MAC. MAC Address Tables. CAM - Content Addressable Memory: This table holds all of the MAC address information the switch has. If the interface is assigned, this field contains the given name of the interface in. X. 2. z. 4. When using TCAM – Ternary Content Addressable Memory inside routers it’s used for faster address lookup that enables fast routing. Initially both switches MAC tables have an entry for another switch only. your assumption is correct, the arp entry is stale. CAM is most useful for building tables that search on exact matches such as MAC address tables. See the article below :. Most Voted. As discussed, a CAM table contains network information such as MAC addresses available on physical switch ports and associated VLAN parameters. So the MAC table refers to the content while the CAM table refers to the organization and principle of operation. then what about TCAM, 1. is the broadcast frame sent as a broadcast due to the ARP destenation. show mac address-table dynamic. Only frames with a broadcast destination address are forwarded out all active switch ports. table called the CAM table, and maps individual MAC addresses on the network to the physical ports on the switch. The attack stages. •Switch is then in Fail-Open mode and broadcasts all frames, allowing the attacker to capture those frames. What is a Routing Table? 3. The two pc arp table clean. H. 4. Para evitar isso, desative a limpeza do MAC roteado com o comando de configuração global mac-address-table aging-time 0 routed-mac. When a switch is in this state, no more new MAC. MAC address B. A MAC address, also known as “hardware address” or “physical address”, is a binary number used to uniquely identify computer network adapters. tables have fixed sizes, so they can only store a certain number of entries. An ARP table is composed of devices’ IP and MAC addresses. Reading the Official Certification Guide, and Foundation Learning Guide, I was led to believe that CAM was used for the layer 2 forwarding table (CAM Table, aka Mac Address-table) and that TCAM was used for functions like QoS and Security ACL's. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. MAC flooding involves flooding of CAM table with fake MAC address and IP pairs until it is full. . MAC A. 255 (IP for layer 3 broadcasts). This flood of data causes the switch to dump the valid addresses it has in its CAM database tables in an attempt to make room for the bogus. What I have found is that if I look at the CAM table when the server is responding on Switch 15, then it correctly reports that the mac address of Server 1 can be found on Gi1/0/3. An exception is an ARP entry for an interface-based static route that goes to a destination that is one or more router hops away. Configure aging time by entering a value in seconds. If the ARP requests are for the same IP, due to the ARP table overflowing frequently, the switch should rate. It has ARP table mapping ip address to mac -address. It is a binding between a MAC address, VLAN and a port number on the switch. Within a very short time, the switch's MAC Address table is full with fake MAC address/port mappings. 1. with default timers this means that that MAC address has been silent for more then 300 seconds (CAM aging time) and less then for 4 hours (ARP timeout), it is not a problem itself it can be an effect and not a cause. Content addressable memory) maintained by the switch, and if there is. This flag is re-enabled whenever the switch receives a new packet from the corresponding MAC address, keeping active addresses in the table. MAC flooding is a technique of compromising the security of network switches that connect devices. In this case, the CAM table results are used only to decide that the frame should. . . 01-04-2021 12:38 AM. In an Ethernet switch, there is likely only one CAM table--the MAC table, so the terms have become somewhat interchangeable. switch(config)# mac-address-table static 12ab. This guide will use the term CAM table moving forward. The MAC address table consists of two types of entries. 6. prefer more space for routes or MAC addresses or ACLs). Go to solution. one active IP, one standby IP, each with its own underlying. The router has a single table (CAM - content addressable memory) where it stores things like MAC address associations. 4-1. How does the dynamically-learned MAC address feature function? A. A. Switches connect multiple devices on a local area network (LAN). CAM table stands for Content Addressable Memory The CAM tables stores information such as MAC addresses available on physical ports with their associated VLAN parameters. Switch(config. If you have two networks, each with 100 devices on them, then the router has to learn, or remember, up to 200 MAC addresses. . This command displays. nms-2948g> (enable) show cam dynamic * = Static Entry. An ARP request's destination address is always the broadcast address. Disabling MAC Address Learning on an Interface or VLAN. Both ARP and MAC are 300s. (300 seconds is a common value but it can be another value, and it may be configurable, depending on the switch vendor / model / software version). Aging Configuration. MAC, routing, security, and QoS scalability numbers depend on the type template used in the switch. Cisco Catalyst 3750-X and 3560-X Series Switch Scalability Numbers. A switch’s CAM table contains network information such as MAC addresses available on physical switch ports and associated VLAN parameters. •Configure Port Security to mitigate these. 4 Kudos. Using a too large (even if its default) arp timeout means that the dist-router. But I also see a static CAM entry, I guess its the MAC of the IP phone's switch. Following images shows a Switch's MAC address table before and after flooding attack. Routers/PC's have the arp entry for all other connected PC's on the L2 switch. Why - 1) your PC knows the mac but that doesn't mean the switch will forward the frame to another vlan (as the cam table holds vlan info), requires a. A CAM search function operates much faster than its counterpart in software, and thus CAMs are replacing software in search intensive applications such as address lookup in Internet routers, data compression, and database acceleration 2. The Catalyst 4500 and 6500 IOS Software are exceptions, however, and continue to use the mac-address. For example, for STP process, VTP process, switch assings the internal mac-addresses. •An attacker sends fake source MAC addresses until the switch MAC Address Table is full and the switch is overwhelmed. I checked by logging into the Router. Second, the ASIC needs to perform table lookup in the MAC address table, so for fast table lookup, the switch uses a specialized type of memory to store the equivalent of the MAC address table: ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM). Cisco IOS uses multiple techniques for L3 routing a packet in software: (1) process switching (2) fast switching and (3) CEF switching. A switching table matches MAC Addresses with ports while a Routing table matches IP Address with Interfaces/ports. R1 checks its ARP table to find out whether the Host A’s MAC address is known. Today is the difference between the CAM and TCAM. A CAM table uses entries to store information. mac address-table is used in more recent versions. When performing a MAC address table lookup, the MAC address itself is the content being queried. It requires a minimum number of secure MAC addresses to be filled dynamicallyMAC Address Flooding. MAC address table lookups happen in TCAM. Storm Control, is a feature that is more scalable and allows more flexibility. Router prefix lookups happen in CAM. Then, repeat the CAM table process. The MAC Address Table allows the switch to route data. The CAM table provides a binary result for any query of 0 for true or 1 for false. You need a CAM aging timer greater or equal to the ARP timeout in order to prevent unicast flooding. the arp timeout is longer than the mac-address-timeout. TCAM is also a fast cached memory table however it is used primarily for routing table. Hi everyone. Usually there should not be any interruption. MAC flooding bombards the switch with fake source MAC addresses until the CAM table is full. You examine this on your layer 3 device. Specific Layer 2 and Layer 3 components, such as routing tables or Access Control Lists (ACLs), are cached int. NB: Switches populate the cam table by looking at the source mac-address only. mac address of the connected device) and port number. Layer-2 switches don't care about layer-3 or layer-3 addresses, so they don't use ARP, but they do care about which. However cut-through switches wait until a few more bytes of the frame have been evaluated before they decide whether to forward or drop the packet. g. The mac-address-table and the arp cache are quite separate and distinct. FLOODING is a mechanism used by Ethernet switches. It will simply update its MAC address table with the location of the most recent frame arriving with the duplicate MAC address. There are three types of address; unicast, multicast and broadcast. The switch itself does not store this information in the CAM-table. Switch then acts as a hub by broadcasting packets to all machines on the network and attackers can sniff the traffic easily. Since a CAM table is maintained for every VLAN, and VLANs are totally segmented between each other, it would not be a problem to have the same MAC address on two. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. When you enable CAM table usage monitoring, the number of valid entries in the CAM table are counted and if the percentage of the CAM utilization is higher or equal to the specified threshold, a message is displayed. What do routers reference in order to make packet forwarding decisions? A. . Suppose the router has learnt the mac of a connected PC via the arp process and at 900 secs when the arp timer. Adding MAC addresses to the CAM table is a tedious task. Start out at the network's center, or core, and display the CAM table entry for the MAC address. Use the command to configure how long entries remain in the Ethernet switching table before expiring. The subnet on which Host A resides is a directly connected subnet. Memoria CAM y TCAM. تفاوت جدول MAC و جدول CAM در سویچ چیست؟. "CAM table" and "FIB" can mean multiple things or the same thing, depending on vendor and/or hardware. Published in. however, I think you're over thinking the problem. Specific Layer 2 and Layer 3 components, such as routing tables or Access Control Lists (ACLs), are cached int. چند روز پیش یه چیز جالبی توی یکی از ویدیو ها به چشمم خورد، اونم این بود که مدرس ویدیو اومد گفت cam table و mac address به لحاظ فنی با هم تفاوت دارند ولی خب خیلی خیلی مشابه هم دیگه هستند پس اگر کسی هم بگه این دوتا. For IPv6 hosts, see NDP Table. There is a source endpoint and a destination endpoint with two separate. This flood of data causes the switch to dump the valid addresses it has in its CAM database tables in an attempt to make room for the bogus information. When Device A, with MAC address A, sends a frame destined for Device B, with MAC address B, the switch looks at the source MAC address from Port 1 and installs MAC address A into the CAM. What is Switch MAC Table (CAM Table)? 2. STP uses a link-only protocol, so the frames do not pass beyond the link, and there is no need to enter in the CAM table, We have already covered this. Cisco uses the terms MAC address table and CAM table interchangeably. sh mac address-table dyna int g0/1. CAM Table Port 1 A Port 2 B Port 3 C. I am assuming you know how to login to your Ubuntu server, and that NET-SNMP is installed. bbbb Vlan107. PVST+ uses 802. So when you disconnect a device, the entry will be removed after some times. A MAC table is probably a CAM table; not all CAM tables are MAC tables. the arp timeout is longer than the mac-address-timeout. MAC address flooding exploits the memory and hardware limitations in a switch’s CAM table. z. 9. C. Depending on what your issue is and what you are attempting to accomplish it may be advisable to clear one or the other, or even perhaps both. MAC Address Table is full and it is unable to save new MAC addresses. Adjacency table : The adjacency table is constructed at the same time as the RIB is populate using the ip of the next hop and ARP for L3 to L2 mapping to translate the ip to their corresponding layer 2 address. Switch doesnt know about layer3 and hence there is no arp. Suppose Computer A is connected to an Ethernet cable that plugs into the switch's Port 1, Computer B is connected to Port 2, and Computer C to Port 3. Overall, the general answer is correct. The mac-address-table has nothing to do with IP addresses. Hello Dyep, the aging time is the timer that decides how long a non speaking MAC address is stored in the CAM table before purging it. Total Mac Addresses : 3Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 5. MAC table = layer 2. "Show standby" also shows the right information. 255. Cause 3: Forwarding Table Overflow. The API calls is GET /api/class/fvRsCEpToPathEp. Go to cmd ---> type ARP -a to fetch ARP table in windows. CAM is most useful for building tables that search on exact matches such as MAC address tables. B) Switch has the CAM table which holds the Mac. If the frame contains a Layer 3 packet to be forwarded, the destination MAC address is that of a Layer 3 port on the switch. Destination addresses FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF (MAC for layer 2 broadcast) or 255. In computer networking, a media access control attack or MAC flooding is a technique employed to compromise the security of network switches. X.